"1. On-Site Observation (Action Protocol)"
* It is a process which involves observing, recording, and interpreting the expert's problem-solving process while it takes place.
* The knowledge developer does more listening than talking; avoids giving advice and usually does not pass his/her own judgment on what is being observed, even if it seems incorrect; and most of all, does not argue with the expert while the expert is performing the task.
* Compared to the process of interviewing, on-site observation brings the knowledge developer closer to the actual steps, techniques, and procedures used by the expert.
* One disadvantage is that sometimes some experts to not like the idea of being observed.
* The reaction of other people (in the observation setting) can also be a problem causing distraction.
* Another disadvantage is the accuracy/completeness of the captured knowledge.
"2. Brainstorming"
* It is an unstructured approach towards generating ideas about creative solution of a problem which involves multiple experts in a session.
* In this case, questions can be raised for clarification, but no evaluations are done at the spot.
* Similarities (that emerge through opinions) are usually grouped together logically and evaluated by asking some questions like:
o What benefits are to be gained if a particular idea is followed.
o What specific problems that idea can possibly solve.
o What new problems can arise through this.
The general procedure for conducting a brainstorming session:
o Introducing the session.
o Presenting the problem to the experts.
o Prompting the experts to generate ideas.
o Looking for signs of possible convergence.
* If the experts are unable to agree on a specific solution, they knowledge developer may call for a vote/consensus.
"3. Consensus Decision Making"
* Consensus decision making usually follows brainstorming.
* It is effective if and only if each expert has been provided with equal and adequate opportunity to present their views.
* In order to arrive at a consensus, the knowledge developer conducting the exercise tries to rally the experts towards one or two alternatives.
* The knowledge developer follows a procedure designed to ensure fairness and standardization.
* This method is democratic in nature.
* This method can be sometimes tedious and can take hours.
"4. Repertory Grid"
* This is a tool used for knowledge capture.
* The domain expert classifies and categorizes a problem domain using his/her own model.
* The grid is used for capturing and evaluating the expert's model.
* Two experts (in the same problem domain) may produce distinct sets of personal and subjective results.
* The grid is a scale (or a bipolar construct) on which elements can be placed within gradations.
* The knowledge developer usually elicits the constructs and then asks the domain expert to provide a set of examples called elements.
* Each element is rated according to the constructs which have been provided.
"5. Nominal Group Technique (NGT)"
* This provides an interface between consensus and brainstorming.
* Here the panel of experts becomes a Nominal Group whose meetings are structured in order to effectively pool individual judgment.
* Ideawriting is a structured group approach used for developing ideas as well as exploring their meaning and the net result is usually a written report.
* NGT is an ideawriting technique.
"6. Delphi Method"
* It is a survey of experts where a series of questionnaires are used to pool the experts' responses for solving a specific problem.
* Each experts' contributions are shared with the rest of the experts by using the results from each questionnaire to construct the next questionnaire.
"7. Concept Mapping"
* It is a network of concepts consisting of nodes and links.
* A node represents a concept, and a link represents the relationship between concepts (refer to Figure 6.5 in page 172 of your textbook).
* Concept mapping is designed to transform new concepts/propositions into the existing cognitive structures related to knowledge capture.
* It is a structured conceptualization.
* It is an effective way for a group to function without losing their individuality.
* Concept mapping can be done for several reasons:
o To design complex structures.
o To generate ideas.
o To communicate ideas.
o To diagnose misunderstanding.
* Six-step procedure for using a concept map as a tool:
o Preparation.
o Idea generation.
o Statement structuring.
o Representation.
o Interpretation
o Utilization.
* Similar to concept mapping, a semantic net is a collection of nodes linked together to form a net.
o A knowledge developer can graphically represent descriptive/declarative knowledge through a net.
o Each idea of interest is usually represented by a node linked by lines (called arcs) which shows relationships between nodes.
o Fundamentally it is a network of concepts and relationships (refer to page 173 of your textbook for example).
"8. Blackboarding"
* In this case, the experts work together to solve a specific problem using the blackboard as their workspace.
* Each expert gets equal opportunity to contribute to the solution via the blackboard.
* It is assumed that all participants are experts, but they might have acquired their individual expertise in situations different from those of the other experts in the group.
* The process of blackboarding continues till the solution has been reached.
* Characteristics of blackboard system:
o Diverse approaches to problem-solving.
o Common language for interaction.
o Efficient storage of information
o Flexible representation of information.
o Iterative approach to problem-solving.
o Organized participation.
* Components of blackboard system:
o The Knowledge Source (KS): Each KS is an independent expert observing the status of the blackboard and trying to contribute a higher level partial solution based on the knowledge it has and how well such knowledge applies to the current blackboard state.
o The Blackboard : It is a global memory structure, a database, or a repository that can store all partial solutions and other necessary data that are presently in various stages of completion.
o A Control Mechanism: It coordinates the pattern and flow of the problem solution.
* The inference engine and the knowledge base are part of the blackboard system.
* This approach is useful in case of situations involving multiple expertise, diverse knowledge representations, or situations involving uncertain knowledge representation.
Jumat, 26 Desember 2008
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