Dalam teknologi informasi, knowledge atau pengetahuan bagi suatu organisasi atau
perorangan diartikan sebagai kepemilikan atas informasi atau kemampuan menempatkan
informasi dengan cepat.
Knowledge management (KM) atau manajemen pengetahuan adalah sebuah nama yang menunjuk
pada sebuah konsep pada sebuah organisasi yang meliputi proses pengaturan, pertukaran,
analisis dan penyebaran pengetahuan dari sumber pengetahuan yang ada seperti dokumen
dan keahlian personal setiap orang didalam organisasi tersebut. Knowledge management
juga dianggap sebuah bidang baru dalam dunia bisnis yang mencakup kombinasi kumpulan
proses, struktur organisasi, aplikasi dan teknologi yang kemudian digunakan untuk
membangkitkan pengetahuan setiap SDM dalam organisasi.
Kultur teknologi dan informasi didalam sebuah organisasi sering ditempatkan secara
tidak seimbang sehingga seringkali dianggap sebagai suatu masalah baru dalam sebuah
organisasi. KM secara aktif membantu membentuk kedua kultur tersebut secara tepat dan
mempunyai manfaat yang berarti bagi kemajuan organisasi. KM membawa pada pemanfaatan
dan efektifitas sumber daya yang terdapat didalam sebuah organisasi dengan menempatkan
teknologi informasi sebagai alat bantuannya. Didamping itu, KM juga yang menghadirkan
pertukaran informasi yang bermanfaat bagi sebuah organsasi dan seluruh komponen yang
terdapat didalamnya.
dikutip dari..
linda salma
http://lindasalma.multiply.com/journal/item/25Knowledge_Management_Kajian_dan_Implementasi_Pada_Teknologi_Informasi
Selasa, 30 Desember 2008
Jumat, 26 Desember 2008
8 Langkah Capture Knowledge
"1. On-Site Observation (Action Protocol)"
* It is a process which involves observing, recording, and interpreting the expert's problem-solving process while it takes place.
* The knowledge developer does more listening than talking; avoids giving advice and usually does not pass his/her own judgment on what is being observed, even if it seems incorrect; and most of all, does not argue with the expert while the expert is performing the task.
* Compared to the process of interviewing, on-site observation brings the knowledge developer closer to the actual steps, techniques, and procedures used by the expert.
* One disadvantage is that sometimes some experts to not like the idea of being observed.
* The reaction of other people (in the observation setting) can also be a problem causing distraction.
* Another disadvantage is the accuracy/completeness of the captured knowledge.
"2. Brainstorming"
* It is an unstructured approach towards generating ideas about creative solution of a problem which involves multiple experts in a session.
* In this case, questions can be raised for clarification, but no evaluations are done at the spot.
* Similarities (that emerge through opinions) are usually grouped together logically and evaluated by asking some questions like:
o What benefits are to be gained if a particular idea is followed.
o What specific problems that idea can possibly solve.
o What new problems can arise through this.
The general procedure for conducting a brainstorming session:
o Introducing the session.
o Presenting the problem to the experts.
o Prompting the experts to generate ideas.
o Looking for signs of possible convergence.
* If the experts are unable to agree on a specific solution, they knowledge developer may call for a vote/consensus.
"3. Consensus Decision Making"
* Consensus decision making usually follows brainstorming.
* It is effective if and only if each expert has been provided with equal and adequate opportunity to present their views.
* In order to arrive at a consensus, the knowledge developer conducting the exercise tries to rally the experts towards one or two alternatives.
* The knowledge developer follows a procedure designed to ensure fairness and standardization.
* This method is democratic in nature.
* This method can be sometimes tedious and can take hours.
"4. Repertory Grid"
* This is a tool used for knowledge capture.
* The domain expert classifies and categorizes a problem domain using his/her own model.
* The grid is used for capturing and evaluating the expert's model.
* Two experts (in the same problem domain) may produce distinct sets of personal and subjective results.
* The grid is a scale (or a bipolar construct) on which elements can be placed within gradations.
* The knowledge developer usually elicits the constructs and then asks the domain expert to provide a set of examples called elements.
* Each element is rated according to the constructs which have been provided.
"5. Nominal Group Technique (NGT)"
* This provides an interface between consensus and brainstorming.
* Here the panel of experts becomes a Nominal Group whose meetings are structured in order to effectively pool individual judgment.
* Ideawriting is a structured group approach used for developing ideas as well as exploring their meaning and the net result is usually a written report.
* NGT is an ideawriting technique.
"6. Delphi Method"
* It is a survey of experts where a series of questionnaires are used to pool the experts' responses for solving a specific problem.
* Each experts' contributions are shared with the rest of the experts by using the results from each questionnaire to construct the next questionnaire.
"7. Concept Mapping"
* It is a network of concepts consisting of nodes and links.
* A node represents a concept, and a link represents the relationship between concepts (refer to Figure 6.5 in page 172 of your textbook).
* Concept mapping is designed to transform new concepts/propositions into the existing cognitive structures related to knowledge capture.
* It is a structured conceptualization.
* It is an effective way for a group to function without losing their individuality.
* Concept mapping can be done for several reasons:
o To design complex structures.
o To generate ideas.
o To communicate ideas.
o To diagnose misunderstanding.
* Six-step procedure for using a concept map as a tool:
o Preparation.
o Idea generation.
o Statement structuring.
o Representation.
o Interpretation
o Utilization.
* Similar to concept mapping, a semantic net is a collection of nodes linked together to form a net.
o A knowledge developer can graphically represent descriptive/declarative knowledge through a net.
o Each idea of interest is usually represented by a node linked by lines (called arcs) which shows relationships between nodes.
o Fundamentally it is a network of concepts and relationships (refer to page 173 of your textbook for example).
"8. Blackboarding"
* In this case, the experts work together to solve a specific problem using the blackboard as their workspace.
* Each expert gets equal opportunity to contribute to the solution via the blackboard.
* It is assumed that all participants are experts, but they might have acquired their individual expertise in situations different from those of the other experts in the group.
* The process of blackboarding continues till the solution has been reached.
* Characteristics of blackboard system:
o Diverse approaches to problem-solving.
o Common language for interaction.
o Efficient storage of information
o Flexible representation of information.
o Iterative approach to problem-solving.
o Organized participation.
* Components of blackboard system:
o The Knowledge Source (KS): Each KS is an independent expert observing the status of the blackboard and trying to contribute a higher level partial solution based on the knowledge it has and how well such knowledge applies to the current blackboard state.
o The Blackboard : It is a global memory structure, a database, or a repository that can store all partial solutions and other necessary data that are presently in various stages of completion.
o A Control Mechanism: It coordinates the pattern and flow of the problem solution.
* The inference engine and the knowledge base are part of the blackboard system.
* This approach is useful in case of situations involving multiple expertise, diverse knowledge representations, or situations involving uncertain knowledge representation.
* It is a process which involves observing, recording, and interpreting the expert's problem-solving process while it takes place.
* The knowledge developer does more listening than talking; avoids giving advice and usually does not pass his/her own judgment on what is being observed, even if it seems incorrect; and most of all, does not argue with the expert while the expert is performing the task.
* Compared to the process of interviewing, on-site observation brings the knowledge developer closer to the actual steps, techniques, and procedures used by the expert.
* One disadvantage is that sometimes some experts to not like the idea of being observed.
* The reaction of other people (in the observation setting) can also be a problem causing distraction.
* Another disadvantage is the accuracy/completeness of the captured knowledge.
"2. Brainstorming"
* It is an unstructured approach towards generating ideas about creative solution of a problem which involves multiple experts in a session.
* In this case, questions can be raised for clarification, but no evaluations are done at the spot.
* Similarities (that emerge through opinions) are usually grouped together logically and evaluated by asking some questions like:
o What benefits are to be gained if a particular idea is followed.
o What specific problems that idea can possibly solve.
o What new problems can arise through this.
The general procedure for conducting a brainstorming session:
o Introducing the session.
o Presenting the problem to the experts.
o Prompting the experts to generate ideas.
o Looking for signs of possible convergence.
* If the experts are unable to agree on a specific solution, they knowledge developer may call for a vote/consensus.
"3. Consensus Decision Making"
* Consensus decision making usually follows brainstorming.
* It is effective if and only if each expert has been provided with equal and adequate opportunity to present their views.
* In order to arrive at a consensus, the knowledge developer conducting the exercise tries to rally the experts towards one or two alternatives.
* The knowledge developer follows a procedure designed to ensure fairness and standardization.
* This method is democratic in nature.
* This method can be sometimes tedious and can take hours.
"4. Repertory Grid"
* This is a tool used for knowledge capture.
* The domain expert classifies and categorizes a problem domain using his/her own model.
* The grid is used for capturing and evaluating the expert's model.
* Two experts (in the same problem domain) may produce distinct sets of personal and subjective results.
* The grid is a scale (or a bipolar construct) on which elements can be placed within gradations.
* The knowledge developer usually elicits the constructs and then asks the domain expert to provide a set of examples called elements.
* Each element is rated according to the constructs which have been provided.
"5. Nominal Group Technique (NGT)"
* This provides an interface between consensus and brainstorming.
* Here the panel of experts becomes a Nominal Group whose meetings are structured in order to effectively pool individual judgment.
* Ideawriting is a structured group approach used for developing ideas as well as exploring their meaning and the net result is usually a written report.
* NGT is an ideawriting technique.
"6. Delphi Method"
* It is a survey of experts where a series of questionnaires are used to pool the experts' responses for solving a specific problem.
* Each experts' contributions are shared with the rest of the experts by using the results from each questionnaire to construct the next questionnaire.
"7. Concept Mapping"
* It is a network of concepts consisting of nodes and links.
* A node represents a concept, and a link represents the relationship between concepts (refer to Figure 6.5 in page 172 of your textbook).
* Concept mapping is designed to transform new concepts/propositions into the existing cognitive structures related to knowledge capture.
* It is a structured conceptualization.
* It is an effective way for a group to function without losing their individuality.
* Concept mapping can be done for several reasons:
o To design complex structures.
o To generate ideas.
o To communicate ideas.
o To diagnose misunderstanding.
* Six-step procedure for using a concept map as a tool:
o Preparation.
o Idea generation.
o Statement structuring.
o Representation.
o Interpretation
o Utilization.
* Similar to concept mapping, a semantic net is a collection of nodes linked together to form a net.
o A knowledge developer can graphically represent descriptive/declarative knowledge through a net.
o Each idea of interest is usually represented by a node linked by lines (called arcs) which shows relationships between nodes.
o Fundamentally it is a network of concepts and relationships (refer to page 173 of your textbook for example).
"8. Blackboarding"
* In this case, the experts work together to solve a specific problem using the blackboard as their workspace.
* Each expert gets equal opportunity to contribute to the solution via the blackboard.
* It is assumed that all participants are experts, but they might have acquired their individual expertise in situations different from those of the other experts in the group.
* The process of blackboarding continues till the solution has been reached.
* Characteristics of blackboard system:
o Diverse approaches to problem-solving.
o Common language for interaction.
o Efficient storage of information
o Flexible representation of information.
o Iterative approach to problem-solving.
o Organized participation.
* Components of blackboard system:
o The Knowledge Source (KS): Each KS is an independent expert observing the status of the blackboard and trying to contribute a higher level partial solution based on the knowledge it has and how well such knowledge applies to the current blackboard state.
o The Blackboard : It is a global memory structure, a database, or a repository that can store all partial solutions and other necessary data that are presently in various stages of completion.
o A Control Mechanism: It coordinates the pattern and flow of the problem solution.
* The inference engine and the knowledge base are part of the blackboard system.
* This approach is useful in case of situations involving multiple expertise, diverse knowledge representations, or situations involving uncertain knowledge representation.
Minggu, 14 Desember 2008
knowledge mangement
| Saat ini saya sedang belajar tentang knowledge mangement. Untuk itu saya membutuhkan source tentang bahasan ini, bila dari anda yang ingin berbagi pengetahuan bisa langsung di-posting di blog ini. Trims, ivan k |
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